NYT: Meditation May Change the Brain

The New York Times reported recently that recent neurobiology studies have found evidence through MRI that meditation may change the structure of the brain. To wit:

M.R.I. brain scans taken before and after the participants’ meditation regimen found increased gray matter in the hippocampus, an area important for learning and memory. The images also showed a reduction of gray matter in the amygdala, a region connected to anxiety and stress. A control group that did not practice meditation showed no such changes.

The amygdala is also the center of emotional reactivity. So it stands to reason that restructuring of gray matter in the amygdala might correlate with cultivation of equinimity or non-reactivity. The brain appears in this study to be fluid and adaptive - all we have to do is work with our Attention function in a consistent and ongoing manner.

The Mystical Positivist - Radio Show #6 - 22JAN11

The Mystical Positivist is now a weekly radio show on KOWS-LP 107.3 FM, Occidental, CA. Listen live on Saturday evenings from 5:00 - 6:00pm, PST, via the web at KOWS Live Stream.

This week's podcast features:

• Word of the Week: Self Observation 
•  An interview with Red Hawk, author of Self Observation - The Awakening of Conscience, an Owner's Manual.
• The Mystical Positivist is joined by Red Hawk, renowned poet, long term spiritual practitioner, and author of the critically acclaimed new book on Self Observation. This book is probably the most concise and lucid discussion of the foundational spiritual practice of Self Observation yet to be published.

Mystical Positivism - part 1

If I google the term "Mystical Positivism" this blog pops to the top of the search list. That is no small claim. There is only one other link in which the term "Mystical Positivism" is used at all. This means that out of the entire world wide web, there are only two extant uses of this term. In a world where fame is now measured in terms of the number of hits one receives when searching on one's name, perhaps originality can be measured in terms of the lack of references available on the internet.

The other reference to "Mystical Positivism" I found takes the term in an entirely different direction than what I intend. The author uses the term to describe the sort of unintended scientific mysticism that arises when technology enthusiasts bubble about the potentialities of tools like cryogenics to preserve life or computer interfaces to ensure immortality by allow our minds to be downloaded into some core. To this author, "Mystical Positivism" is the use of technological constructs to recapitualate what religious traditons have been describing for millenia.

I have a very different take on "Mystical Positivism." My use of the term dates back to my experiences in graduate school in Physics during the mid 1980s. At that time I had completed an undergraduate degree in Physics at the California Institute of Technology but had not yet connected with the tradition that would become my spiritual path for the next 25 years. I had a long standing interest in the Occult and related mystical pursuits. But I also had a deep appreciation of the scientific method and the importance of objectivity in the pursuit of any system of knowledge. The importance of some form of verifiability or falsifiability was made very clear to me if one hoped to make any sort of coherent sense of the world in which we find ourselves. At this time of my life, which was a cusp between a phase dedicated to scientific study and a phase yet to come which would be dedicated to a path of spiritual practice, the term "Mystical Positivism" seems to capture my deepest sense of values. Perhaps the most influential philosophical work I read at this time was Whitehead's Process and Reality which demonstrated to me how one could take a rigourously logical approach to questions of being and metaphysics.

Shortly after this period, I left graduate school with a "gentleman's" Master Degree in hand and moved into a spiritual community that practiced a teaching closely related to the Fourth Way tradition of G.I. Gurdjieff. The Fourth Way tradition, as spiritual traditions go, was formulated in a language that echoed the scientific language of the early 20th century. It is a tradition for which the personal verification of any truth claim is of the utmost importance. It is a tradtion that takes the principle of objective observation of phenonmena and enshrines it as one of the foundational practices of the study of self. So the term "Mystical Positivism" has continued to resonate for me through to the present as embodying rationality in the truest sense of the word in the pursuit of Work on Self.

This blog and the associated radio show are occasions on which to try to articulate more clearly what the tenets of "Mystical Postivism" might be. A starting point for this inquiry should be what is commonly meant by "Logical Positivism" and what is commonly meant as "Mysticism". In subsequent postings, we will explore these traditional interpretations and proceed to develop a meaningful sense of what "Mystical Positivism" is all about.

The Mystical Positivist - Radio Show #5 - 15JAN11

The Mystical Positivist is now a weekly radio show on KOWS-LP 107.3 FM, Occidental, CA. Listen live on Saturday evenings from 5:00 - 6:00pm, PST, via the web at KOWS Live Stream.

This week's podcast features:

• Word of the Week: Intention
• Review of modern scientific research demonstrating that intention can affect physical reality
•  An interview with Siddhartha Shah, scholar and purveyor of sacred art.
• Siddhartha specializes in sacred art and travels around the country organizing exhibitions and lecturing on the role of sacred art in spiritual practice.

The Mystical Positivist - Radio Show #4 - 08JAN11

The Mystical Positivist is now a weekly radio show on KOWS-LP 107.3 FM, Occidental, CA. Listen live on Saturday evenings from 5:00 - 6:00pm, PST, via the web at KOWS Live Stream.


This week's podcast features:

• Guest Host: Dr. Robert A. Schmidt, Spiritual Director of Tayu Meditation Center 
• Word of the Week: Have Fun! 
• An interview with Dr. Claude Needham, author of The Just Becasue Club, and The Handbook for the Recently Decease. Dr. Needham has also been a long time spiritual collaborator with E.J. Gold.

The Mystical Positivist - Radio Show #3 - 01JAN11

The Mystical Positivist is now a weekly radio show on KOWS-LP 107.3 FM, Occidental, CA. Listen live on Saturday evenings from 5:00 - 6:00pm, PST, via the web at KOWS Live Stream.


This week's podcast features:

• Will and the formation of New Year's resolutions - a reading from EJ Gold's Practical Work on Self and commentary.
• Word of the Week: Grace
• An interview with Jim Wilson, manager and co-founder of Many Rivers Books & Tea, poet, scholar, and long time spiritual practitioner in Buddhism and the Quaker tradition.

The Mystical Positivist - Radio Show #2 - 25DEC10

The Mystical Positivist is now a weekly radio show on KOWS-LP 107.3 FM, Occidental, CA. Listen live on Saturday evenings from 5:00 - 6:00pm, PST, via the web at KOWS Live Stream.


This week's podcast features:

• Scientific evidence of the efficacy of ancestor veneration
• An interview with Mirka Knaster, Ph.D., independent scholar, Vipassana practitioner, and author of Living This Life Fully: Stories and Teachings of Munindra; discussing the subject of not following the path of our ancestors but embarking on a different spiritual journey.

The Mystical Positivist - Radio Show #1 - 18DEC10

The Mystical Positivist is now a weekly radio show on KOWS-LP 107.3 FM, Occidental, CA. Listen live on Saturday evenings from 5:00 - 6:00pm, PST, via the web at KOWS Live Stream.


This week's podcast features:

• Objective Art
• Faith and Doubt
• An interview with Robert Schmidt, Ph.D., director of Tayu Meditation Center, discussing spiritual practice and the context of spiritual work.

The Suspension of Disbelief

Mystical positivism is an interesting way to frame an important aspect of spiritual practice in general. I want to comment on an attitude that mystical positivists of any religious or spiritual tradition will find useful. Bear with me for a brief excursion first.

The title of this post refers to an attitude necessary for reading a fantasy or science-fiction book, or watching a fantasy or science-fiction movie. If the book or movie has goblins (or, say, vampires or galactic emperors) as characters, we have to suspend our disbelief in the existence of goblins to take the book or film seriously enough to spend a few hours investing attention upon it. If we 've never seen or had experience with goblins, there's no particular reason to believe they actually exist. Yet without a suspension of the natural disbelief in the existence of goblins, we'd never be able to enjoy or learn something from the book or film.

In contrast to the attitude of the fantasy fan, the attitude of the mystical positivist is about the suspension of belief, and the cultivation of disbelief. That's overstating the case somewhat, but let me explain. In the initial two posts on this blog, the Mystical Positivist refers to Sam Harris' book The Moral Landscape. In that book, Harris discusses what he means by the word "belief" which he calls "the disposition to accept a proposition as true (or likely to be)." Any proposition that cannot be confirmed within the context of our own direct personal experience must be accepted in order to believe it.

The suspension of belief by spiritual practitioners means that important propositions about the nature of life and the pursuit of happiness must bear systematic and rigorous examination, so that we don't have to simply accept what someone else believes or has said about such matters. Instead, we can generate evidence in our own direct experience that may either confirm or disconfirm the beliefs of ourselves and others. In that way, we can build views about how the world works upon an ever more sound foundation. Yet that prizing of evidence can be called the cultivation of disbelief, because if credible new evidence emerges that contradicts previous views, with the attitude of disbelief we simply discard the older inaccurate view(s). Thus the cultivation of disbelief is not a blanket dismissal of all views; rather, it is the attitude of "holding lightly" our beliefs or views.

In referring to a sensible attitude toward beliefs, I like the French term "bricoleur" which loosely translates as "handyman" or fix-it guy. The handyman picks up a hammer when a nail needs pounding. Yet the hammer is put aside, and the saw is chosen, when it's time to cut a piece of wood.

In the same way, the mystical positivist is ever practical, and always looking for the best tool for the job that the immediate moment demands. Cultivation of the deep experience of oneness requires that one first establish a perspective upon the nature of reality that is absolutely reliable. One must become intimately familiar with one's mind, body and heart so that one knows the truth of these phenomena from direct experience. It's not just a big toolkit that one needs for that; one must also know how to fashion a new and unique tool from found materials whenever need and opportunity conjoin. That's what the skillful bricoleur excells at.

Perhaps when Socrates said that the wise man knows that he knows nothing, he was suggesting that we suspend belief, in the sense of grasping onto unexamined belief. That, I suggest, is the attitude of the mystical positivist.

The Illusion of Free Will (cont'd)

Because Harris' The Moral Landscape is dedicated to the premise that the methodologies and objectivity of scientific inquiry can be applied to the question of human morality, his articulation of the illusory nature of Free Will is particularly compelling. What does it mean to say an action is moral if each human being can be said to not be in conscious control of their actions? If my actions spring from biological and perceptual determinants operating at a scale and speed well beyond the field of awareness of my ordinary consciousness, how can any action that emerges from this flux be said to be good or bad? It would almost seem as though my sense of ethics can only be a post hoc justification of actions operating though my organism with or without the participation of my conscious awareness.

Harris addresses this dificult problem in a charateristically pragmatic way by invoking what I would call a statistical model for describing the ongoing correlation between the flux of activities that arises in our psycho-physical organisms and the ongoing stream of thoughts, feelings, and sensations that we experience in relation to this flux. In other words, there is enough of a correlation between our stream of consciousness and the actions that arise in our organisms that it is meaningful to say that in a certain sense we are responsible for our actions. Harris uses the example of himself walking into a supermarket, fully clothed, and purchasing a tin of anchovies. Though we can know from detailed fMRI studies that the actions that got Harris into that market arose from a scale of activities far outside the scope of his conscious awareness, he would have occasion to be surprised and feel like he was out of control if in fact he discovered himself naked in the market attempting to steal as many tins of anchovies as he could get his hands on. So for an ordinary person (we can leave aside the question of a sociopath, which Harris takes up in great detail in his book), there is enough of a correlation between the activites that unfold through our psycho-physical organisms and the sense of expectation and intentionality that arises in our field of consciousness for us to conclude that our conscious minds have some sense of responsibility for our actions. In other words, we can distinguish "our actions" (e.g. buying anchovies in the market) from "not our actions" (e.g. standing naked in the market trying to steal tins of anchovies) even though the mechanisms by which those actions unfold are not subject to our conscious participation.

This perspective of Harris' raises a number of interesting questions that to me touch on core spiritual questions (most succinctly summarized by who am I, what am I doing, why am I doing it?). For one thing, this picture of the relationship of the conscious mind to the functioning of the psycho-physical organism calls to mind Thomas Metzinger's Being No One - The Self-Model Theory of Subjectivity. In this detailed theory of mind, driven by the findings of neurobiology, Metzinger charaterizes the self of consciousness as a sort of self-organizing model of the functioning of the organism. Biological organisms develop a working inner model of the organism as a whole which evolves to serve as a basis for predictive action and more effective interaction with the environment. In this respect, our conscious minds could be seen as attempting as closely as possible to function as accurate predictors of our organisms' inteactivity with the objective external environment.

Spiritual psychology adds to this picture with a detailed accounting of how the egoic mind distorts this process of modeling by using its rationalizing functionality to justify why a particular set of actions that emerges in one's organism is in fact exactly what one intended to do. We often find ourselves justifying our actions to ourselves or sharply criticizing our actions as though there were a direct causal relationship between our conscious state an our actions. To use a Fourth Way term introduced by Gurdjieff, our minds are filled with buffers that serve to justify after the fact particularly contradictory actions that may emerge from our organisms. Our buffers attempt through denial to hide gaping inconsitencies between who we think we are and how our psycho-physical organisms actually function. In fact, it is this dissociation of the conscious mind from the objective functioning of the psycho-physical organism as a whole that gives rise to the illusion of a self that exists independently of the organism. We can refer to this process of dissociation under the term Egoism. Though I will return to this topic in a later post, we can see by way of conclusion that one moral imperative for a human being would be to come to terms with the distortions introduced in our consciousness by Egoism as a means to bring our conscious minds into greater alignment with the activities of our organisms.

The Illusion of Free Will

I recently finshed reading Sam Harris' latest book, The Moral Landscape - How Science Can Determine Human Values. Among the many interesting questions Harris raises (which I will return to later) is the question of Free Will particularly from the perspective of what modern neurobiological research is finding. Our ordinary psychological state presupposes that we are the authors of our actions. We experience a sense of deliberation and intentionality about the actions, thoughts, and feelings that arise from our field of consciousness.

And yet, if we confront the large body of scientific data about the operation of the human brain, a different reality presents itself. There are cascades of neural events that precede the phenomena of which we may be consciously aware (our thoughts, feelings, field of vision, movements). We have little or no awareness of this level of processing and it operates in timeframes and on a scale quite different from our sense of ordinary consciousness. Harris quotes a famous study by physiologist Benjamin Libet that demonstrated that activity in the brain's motor regions can be detected approximately 350 milliseconds before a person feels that he or she has decided to move. He reports another study that used fMRI data to show that in some cases activity begins as much as 10 seconds before the "conscious decision" even entered the subject's field of awareness.

Harris concludes:

The truth seems inescapable: I, as the subject of my experience, cannot know what I will think or do until a thought or intention arises; and thoughts and intentions are caused by physical events and mental stirrings of which I am not aware.

This conclusion is not so distant from the conclusions reached by certain spiritual traditions. The perspective on ordinary conscious awareness shared by traditions such as Buddhism, Advaita Vedanta, and Gurdjieff's Fourth Way speaks to the intrinsic emptiness or non-existence of the common conception of the self. Gurdjieff goes so far as to challenge followers of his teaching to recognize their own "nullity" as a critical step in establishing a different relationship to one's Being. That both ancient and more modern spiritual traditions could reach such conclusions without the benefit of fMRIs suggests that the intuition of the illusory nature of our sense of free will may be available to us directly through a rigorous and honest process of self inquiry.